German has more native speakers than any other language in the European Union. It is the official language of Germany, Austria and Liechtenstein, and one of the official languages of Switzerland and Luxembourg. German also ranks among the more widely spoken languages worldwide. According to estimates, more than 95 million people speak German as their native language.
The Germanic tribal languages gave rise to the so-called pre-Old High German dialects. Latin, as spoken throughout the Roman Empire, had an important influence on this development.
It is difficult to put an exact figure on the number of words in German: new compound words can be formed almost without limit, so the language has no fixed vocabulary size. Estimates put the standard German vocabulary at 300,000 to 400,000 words, although everyday speech draws on only a fraction of these. The Duden has recorded German spelling since 1880, when Konrad Duden’s first dictionary contained around 27,000 headwords. The current edition (the 29th, 2024) lists around 151,000.
Some words have no simple equivalent outside German. One example is ‘fremdschämen’. It describes the embarrassment you feel on someone else’s behalf. Another example is ‘Fernweh’: a longing to travel and explore, the opposite of ‘Heimweh’, or homesickness. German also has a distinctive feature in its writing system. Although German uses the Latin alphabet, it has an additional consonant: the ß, known as ‘Eszett’. The letter stands for a double s, is written after a long vowel or diphthong and never appears at the beginning of a word.
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